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J Comp Neurol. Physiol Rev. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Neerl. Rodriguez I, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P: Variable patterns of axonal projections of sensory neurons in the mouse vomeronasal system. Dev Biol. Horm Behav. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Frank Zufall or Pablo Chamero. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Reprints and Permissions. Oboti, L. BMC Biol 12, 31 Download citation. Received : 01 April Accepted : 25 April Published : 02 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Optimal reproductive fitness is essential for the biological success and survival of species. Background Chemical signals detected by the olfactory system can alter the reproductive state and sexual behavior of female mice. Results Delayed puberty onset and defective puberty acceleration A strategy to maximize reproductive success is the induction of estrus in females by their male partners.
Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Methods Mice Animal care and experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the animal welfare committee of the University of Saarland.
Female estrous cycle Female estrous cycle was determined by observation of vaginal cytological extracts obtained by flushes of PBS gently applied with a glass Pasteur pipette on the external genital opening. Reproductive performance An assay to determine the reproductive performance was used to calculate the number of litters, litter size, litter interval, relative fecundity, and latency to first litter. Hormone measurements Females were sacrificed in proestrus for estradiol and progesterone measurement.
Mounting behavior resident-intruder test This test was performed as described [ 22 , 41 ]. In another study focusing on the effects of knockout TRP2 genes on female mice, researchers found that TRP2 mutant females exhibited reduced levels of female-specific behaviors, such as lactating behaviors and maternal aggression [ Kimchi et al. Further, this study found that females lacking a functional TRP2 gene displayed behaviors that were previously thought to be unique to male mice.
These behaviors include mounting, pelvic thrust, solicitation, anogenital olfactory investigation, and emission of ultrasonic vocalizations towards males and females. These behavioral phenotypes are the same in female mice with their vomeronasal organs surgically removed [ Kimchi et al. From these studies, we find that not only is a functional VNO crucial for pheromone- mediated behaviors like sex discrimination or male-male aggression, it is also critical for the repression of male behaviors in females and for the activation of female behaviors.
These results also show that the neuronal circuitry for male-specific behaviors is present in the female mouse brain [Kimchi et al. Figure 2. Written, W. Article Google Scholar.
Lee, S. Google Scholar. Robson, J. Lorenz, K. Sibley, C. Dobzhansky, T. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Reprints and Permissions. Nature , Download citation. Issue Date : 21 December
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