Abstract Introduction Snus is an oral tobacco product that originated in Sweden. Results Among all product types, moisture Introduction Snus is a finely ground oral smokeless tobacco product that initially consisted of air-cured tobacco, salt, and water.
Tobacco analysis Measurement of moisture and pH content Total moisture content was measured using a methodology described elsewhere [ 12 ]. Quantification of nicotine by GC-MS Total nicotine concentrations were measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS method as described previously [ 18 ]. Table 1 Least-square means of moisture, pH, and nicotine concentrations for snus categorized by region and product type. A f Ref. A Ref. A Difference, p-Value — — — — — Range c B f Ref.
B Ref. B Difference, p-Value — — — — — Range C f Ref. C Ref. C Difference, p-Value — — — — — Range D f Ref. D Ref. D Difference, p-Value — — — — — Range Open in a separate window. A e Ref. A Difference, p-Value — — — — — — — Range c — 7. B e Ref. B Difference, p-Value — — — — — — — Range — 7. C e Ref. C Difference, p-Value — — — — — — — Range — 7. D e Ref. D Difference, p-Value — — — — — — — Range Fig 1.
Fig 2. Fig 3. Fig 4. Discussion Snus products vary in style, strength, and flavor. Conclusion Our results identify potential key differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of snus products from the US and Northern Europe. DOCX Click here for additional data file.
Acknowledgments Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Funding Statement The authors have no support or funding to report. Data Availability All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
References 1. Swedish Match AB corporate website. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Match [cited Feb 3]. Effect of smokeless tobacco snus on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tobacco Control. Bethesda, MD: U. Peeters S, Gilmore AB. Transnational tobacco company interests in smokeless tobacco in Europe: analysis of internal industry documents and contemporary industry materials. PLoS Med. Harm Reduct J. Sources of and technical approaches for the abatement of tobacco specific nitrosamine formation in moist smokeless tobacco products.
Food Chem Toxicol. Microbial community structure and dynamics of dark fire-cured tobacco fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
Characterization of bacterial communities in selected smokeless tobacco products using 16S rDNA analysis. Volatile N-nitrosamines in snuff and chewing tobacco on the Swedish market. Decreased levels of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in moist snuff on the Swedish market.
J Agric Food Chem. Surveillance of moist snuff: total nicotine, moisture, pH, un-ionized nicotine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. Chemical characterization of domestic oral tobacco products: total nicotine, pH, unprotonated nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Food and Chemical Toxicology. Lee PN. Epidemiological evidence relating snus to health—an updated review based on recent publications.
Harm Reduction Journal. Lund I, Scheffels J. The relative risk to health from snus and cigarettes: Response to Grimsrud et al. Savage L. Experts fear Swedish snus sales in the US could thwart anti-tobacco measures. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Weight gain and incident obesity among male snus users. BMC Public Health. Snus use, smoking and survival among prostate cancer patients. Int J Cancer. December 15; 12 — Journal of Chromatographic Science.
Analytical Chemistry. Quantitation of ten flavor compounds in unburned tobacco products. Analytical Methods. Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U. Flavored tobacco product use among US young adults. Am J Prev Med. April; 44 4 — Flavoured tobacco products in the USA: synthesis of recent multidiscipline studies with implications for advancing tobacco regulatory science.
Flavored tobacco product use in youth and adults: findings from the first wave of the PATH Study — We see it as a win-win," says Howard, the Reynolds spokesman. We're moving toward becoming a total tobacco company. Reynolds is even developing dissolvable tobacco strips, orbs and sticks that it will start test-marketing early next year in Portland, Indianapolis and Columbus, Ohio.
Though "very appealing" in form and flavor, Hatsukami also finds those products worrisome. Researchers have little information about nicotine absorption and toxicity for any of the new products, she says, and there's too little data on snus to make per-dose comparisons to cigarettes or spit tobacco. And because its use is easy to conceal, WVU researcher Cindy Tworek worries children could suck on the pouches in front of oblivious parents or teachers.
The brightly colored tins seem designed to attract both female and young users, she says. The same age restrictions that apply to other forms of tobacco also apply to sales of snus, although they vary from state to state. Tworek has surveyed more than college students in the Morgantown test market and will release her conclusions next year on whether Reynolds' marketing efforts work. But I know better than that, and I'd rather choke to death. Howard denies suggestions that Reynolds targets underage users.
He says it's selling best among adult male smokers and moist snuff users. But obviously we think that with continued communication with all adult smokers, they'll come to try it.
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More from Homepage. Dallas County jury sentences man to 37 years in prison in slaying of Black transgender woman. Because microorganisms are capable of producing nitrite, which contributes to TSNA formation, the production of snus often incorporates heat treatment pasteurization to kill microorganisms [ 6 — 8 ]. Because of its lowered TSNA levels, snus is often perceived as a less harmful form of tobacco when compared with cigarette smoking [ 13 — 14 ]. However, further investigation into potential lifetime nicotine dependence and other health risks [ 15 — 17 ] associated with the use of snus is warranted to inform tobacco policies and effective public health messages about these products.
At present, it is not known if the chemical composition of snus products made in these countries is similar. This study was designed to generate data enabling comparisons of snus with other tobacco products, and to determine whether US and NE snus products differ chemically. Study results may provide valuable information to snus consumers, clinicians, tobacco regulators, and policymakers.
Upon receipt, smokeless samples were logged into a custom database, assigned barcodes with a unique ID, and stored at— 70 o C until analyzed. Total moisture content was measured using a methodology described elsewhere [ 12 ]. The pH values were determined in a 1-g sample of each product in a mL aliquot of distilled, deionized water using a Sirius Vinotrate pH meter Sirius Analytical Ltd. Measurements for pH at 5-, , , and min intervals were averaged. The pH protocol used is fully described elsewhere [ 12 ].
Averages of duplicate measures for moisture and pH measurements are reported. Total nicotine concentrations were measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS method as described previously [ 18 ]. Snus samples were weighed to approximately 0.
Samples were then extracted with 10 mL of aqueous ammonium acetate buffer, shaken for one hour at rpm, and filtered with a 0. The analytical methodology is reported elsewhere [ 20 ]. In order to represent the correlation among the repeated measurements, mixed effects models were configured with random effects indicating snus product nested within manufacturer and region, manufacturer nested within region, as well as random intercepts.
Because measurement distributions were not entirely compatible with assumptions underlying calculation of means and standard errors, the least-square statistics were derived from analyses of 10, bootstrap resamples of the data, stratified by region, manufacturer, and snus product.
Tabulated means, standard errors, and differences are bootstrapped least-square LS estimates from these mixed effects models Tables 1 and 2. Mixed effects models were not applied to statistics displayed in Figures, nor statistics reported for alkaloids and flavors.
All eight US snus products investigated in this study were tobacco portion style. The average weight per portion for both regions was approximately 0. The portion weight or size refers to the mass of tobacco and portion material per serving. On average, US portion snus ranged from 0.
Among all analytes, measurements encompassed broad ranges: moisture, The total nicotine concentrations of 16 of 56 NE snus products were higher range Unprotonated nicotine concentrations, calculated using pH and total nicotine concentrations, varied widely among all products, ranging from 0. In Table 1 —Comparison A, unprotonated nicotine concentrations were significantly higher among NE portion standard snus compared to US portion standard snus 5.
In Table 1 —Comparison B, there were no detectable differences in moisture, pH, and nicotine concentrations between NE white and original portion categories.
Among NE portion snus, 43 of the 49 portion products had higher LS-mean unprotonated nicotine levels than US portion snus. The LS-mean unprotonated nicotine levels of all 7 NE loose snus products varied more than 3-fold across brands. Moreover, among NE portion and NE loose snus categories there were statistically significant differences in the LS-mean moisture There is a wide range of total and unprotonated nicotine levels wet wt.
A summary of all 64 snus products by manufacture and brand family is provided in the S1 Table. The highest arithmetic mean total nicotine concentrations were found in the British American Tobacco Odens brand family In terms of unprotonated nicotine, the same Thunder products described above had the highest arithmetic mean unprotonated nicotine concentration Lastly, the lowest arithmetic unprotonated nicotine levels were found in two US brand families, Skoal 0.
Arithmetic means of total and unprotonated nicotine found in twenty-five snus brand families made by ten manufacturers in Europe [A-G] and the US [H-J] varied widely among all products. However, US snus had lower unprotonated nicotine compared to NE snus. Tobacco Company. Arithmetic means and standard errors are estimates from 10, bootstrap resamples of the data.
Error bars represent bootstrapped standard errors. The Skoal brand family 1. Smokeless Tobacco and V2 Tobacco Thunder brand family 1. Several minor tobacco alkaloids, which are important in TSNA formation, were measured. Anatabine the precursor of N'-nitrosoanatabine or NAT and nornicotine the precursor of N'-nitrosonornicotine or NNN , which are typically seen in other tobacco products e.
Snus products from both regions had concentrations of myosimine range 4. Overall, menthol levels ranged from 5. Both eucalyptol and pulegone were present in Concentrations of eucalyptol and pulegone in these US snus products ranged from Of all European snus products, a higher prevalence of flavor constituents was observed in portion products than in loose varieties.
Snus products vary in style, strength, and flavor. This study surveys the pH, moisture, flavors, minor alkaloids, TSNAs, and nicotine levels in 64 snus products for sale in either Northern Europe or the United States to examine similarities and differences.
Our findings show some statistically significant differences exist in snus products by manufacturer, descriptor, and region. Differences were also observed in other attributes of the products. The wide assortment of additives, such as spices, oils, and flavors, found in snus may influence tobacco use among youth and adolescents [ 21 — 24 ].
Menthol was the most prevalent flavor constituent found in our study. Additional flavor compounds such as methyl salicylate and pulegone were also present and could contribute to the popular mint and wintergreen flavors. The portion snus style is rapidly becoming more popular than loose selections and may be targeted to younger age groups, as portion products can easily be secured in the mouth and used unnoticed [ 1 , 21 ].
For example, the snus products analyzed in this study had considerably lower mean TSNA levels than dry snuff Thus, self-imposed changes to certain process parameters [ 5 ] can achieve lower TSNA levels in tobacco products. These data illustrates how the manufacturing processes can minimize harmful constituents, such as TSNAs, in oral tobacco products like snus. Processes that exclude microorganisms are highly effective in reducing TSNA levels [ 5 — 6 ].
However, it is not generally known how the tobacco is cleaned prior to snus manufacturing. Washing tobacco at harvest is one means of removing agricultural chemicals, microbes, and soil particles that may contain associated microbes or metals [ 26 ].
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